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Marie is the French and German form of Maria, itself the Latin rendering of the Hebrew name Miriam, whose precise root meaning is debated but is often interpreted as "beloved," "bitter," or "drop of the sea." The name gained immense popularity throughout medieval Europe largely through devotion to the Virgin Mary, mother of Jesus in Christian tradition. Among its most celebrated bearers are Marie Curie, the Polish-French physicist and two-time Nobel laureate, and Marie Antoinette, the French queen executed during the Revolution. Closely related forms include Maria, Mary, Marion, Marianne, and Marielle.